Freud Dreamwork Essays - Freudian Psychology, Psychotherapy, Dream

Freud Dreamwork 1 INTRODUCTION Although Jung was a pupil of Freud, and one would think they shared the same idea about the interpretation of dreams, that is not exactly true. Freud proposed the notorious idea that dreams are a reflextion of subconsciousness, but Jung expanded on Freud and added another dimension to this relation. In Jung's view, dreams not only lead to personal subconsciousness, but also to collective unconsciousness. This paper attempts to present the two theories of dreams and stress the unique qualities in each of them. I believe the reader will excuse a 'clinical' tone of paper, knowing that originally this text was written as school assignment. In 1995, I wrote this paper under the guidance of Branka Bajgoric, who was my psychology teacher in the high school I attended. I omitted the technical part of the paper: identifying problem and developing the thesis. I also did not include a part in which I discussed the implications of becoming lucid in dream on the interpretation. Not that it would be inappropriate, but I think that subject is so broad that it demands a separate paper in order to sufficiently cover it. I think that nowadays, where there are so much alternative (occult) explanations of dreams available, we often forget about the old thinkers. What is even worse, we tend to think they are out of date or irrelevant in this rush of global spiritual evolution. However, I find the following two scientists, and Jung particularly, extremely contemporary. I hope the following paper will attract some of reader's interest to further study the rich work of both, should I say big men? Ljubljana, July 1998 2 THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION 2.1 FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS With his psycho-analysis, Sigmund Freud opened the door for dreams to become a subject of scientifical research. He became interested in dreams when dealing with his patients because they were telling dreams spontaneously. He soon systematically included interpretation of dreams in psycho-analysis right beside hypnosis and free association. In the end of 19th century he eventually researched the mechanism of dreaming. The analysis of dreams is indispensable tool in therapy for each psychoanalyst since then, and for Freud, dreams are even the key to theoretical understanding of subconscious. He explained also dreams of people, who did not suffer from mental illness, in psychoanalitic way and so he was changing his psychotherapy in theory in the very beginning. 2.1.1 A desire to sleep When we become tired of receiving of and responding to stimuli from environment we try to fall asleep. The main characteristic of psychical state of a sleeper is therefore a withdrawal from reality and cessation of taking all interests in it. We try to fall asleep by disconnecting from all sources of external stimuli. We lay down in a silent, dark room and cover our body to keep it comfortably warm and so minimize input from environment. Of course, an absolute withdrawal in which we would stop to perceive environment is not possible. In other words, the sleeper does not have a 'switch' to switch off at the time of sleeping and switch on back, when the time for awakening comes. After all, if such absolute withdrawal was possible to achieve, the sleeper would risk not to wake up again, since more and more strong stimuli in the morning are exactly what wakes up the sleeper. These stimuli disturb us also during the sleep, and our mentality is forced to respond to them - with dreams. Disturbing stimuli can be either external or internal. External stimuli come from environment and from inside of our physical body. Their task is to warn of imbalance in the body (e.g. full bladder, thirst) or else they contain information about disturbances in environment (e.g. low room temperature, noise). There are lot of evidences how dreams maintain sleep in such cases. For Freud though, the external stimuli are important only to the extent that suggest analogous existance of more important, psychical pressure on sleeper: an internal stimulus. This internal stimulation emerges either because of the continuation of our diurnal mental activity or pressure of our unsatisfied instinctive aspirations. The latter are in psychotherapy very important, because they can express those conflicts,

Company Starbucks essay

Company Starbucks essay Company Starbucks essay Company Starbucks essayStarbucks is a global coffeehouse chain and coffee company which is headquartered in Seattle. The company started as coffee retailer and roaster, and then added coffeehouses to its services. The company was created in 1971 and incorporated in 1985 (Pride Ferrell, 2013). Starbucks is the worldwide coffeehouse leader: the company operates more than 20,000 stores located in 64 countries (Pride Ferrell, 2013). Among these stores, more than 13,000 are located in the United States (Pride Ferrell, 2013).ProductsStarbucks sells the following types of products: coffee and tea, fresh food, handcrafted beverages and merchandise (Pride Ferrell, 2013). The products sold by Starbucks include ground coffee, roasted whole bean coffee, various sorts of tea and coffee, bottled water and juices and various single-serve items. In Starbuckss coffeehouses customers can also purchase fresh food offerings, lunch items, pastries, sandwiches and ready-to-drink beverages. It is possi ble to purchase merchandise such as coffee machines and coffee accessories in Starbucks. The company also licenses the rights to producing and distributing key Starbucks brands to Pepsi-Cola company and distributes its specialty coffee trademarks through the national foodservice chains, groceries and licensed stores (Pride Ferrell, 2013).IndustryStarbucks operates in the industry which is called specialty eateries. This industry includes the companies which operate various limited service restaurants serving specialty items. This industry is quite competitive and highly fragmented. The top 50 companies operating in this industry account for approximately 45% of industry revenue (Pride Ferrell, 2013). Coffee and doughnut shops account for 40% and 20% of revenue in specialty eateries industry (Pride Ferrell, 2013). There are several large players in this industry such as Dunkin Donuts, Einstein Noah, Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Tim Hortons, etc (Pride Ferrell, 2013). Companies like Ma cDonalds and Subway also partially relate to this industry. The demand in this industry depends on demographics in the chosen region, customers income and customers tastes. The threat of entrants in the industry is low, while competition is high and the threat of substitutes is also high. Bargaining power of suppliers is moderate as well as the bargaining power of customers (Pride Ferrell, 2013).Marketing and target customersStarbucks sales account for about 33% of all coffee sales in the U.S (Pride Ferrell, 2013). Such immense success is to a large extent caused by the efficiency of Starbuckss marketing strategy. Starbuckss target customers are people aged between 25 and 40 years old which bring almost half of revenue to the company (Pride Ferrell, 2013). Most of Starbucks customers live in urban areas, are qualified professionals and pay a lot of attention to social welfare and going out (Pride Ferrell, 2013). Starbucks attracts these customers with the help of innovative desi gn, decor and advertising and by its famous coffee culture which encourages Starbuckss customers to socialize and share their experiences.In addition, Starbucks targets two more customer groups: young adults group and group including kids and teens. The former group accounts for about 40% of total revenue of Starbucks, and the latter group accounts for only 2% of sales (Pride Ferrell, 2013). However, it is important to note that the majority of items for the latter group are purchased by their parents and therefore high sales of the primary customer group reflect a combined demand of adults and kids and teens group.CompetitorsThe major competitors of Starbucks are two companies operating in the specialty eateries industry McDonalds and Dunkin Brands Group, and one company operating in the food industry Nestle S.A. McDonalds and Dunkin Brands largely compete with Starbuckss chain of coffee stores, and the products of Nestle S.A. compete with Starbuckss roasted coffee and tea produ cts (Seaford, Culp Brooks, 2012). McDonalds offers a relatively simple choice of coffees and it competes with Starbucks for those customers who choose basic coffee offers. The major advantages of McDonalds are the its large number of restaurants worldwide and its family-focused image.Dunkin Donuts offers doughnuts and sandwiches which are almost similar to Starbuckss offerings. The choice of coffees and other beverages at Dunkin Donuts is more limited compared to Starbucks, but the choice of doughnuts is more attractive. As for Nestle, it competes with Starbucks in the market of instant and premium coffee; Nestle has stronger business relationships with coffee suppliers and wider distribution network, but Starbucks is also quickly expanding into the coffee segment of the food market (Seaford, Culp Brooks, 2012).

Comparing one of the three Illinois State Budget Crisis topics Essay

Comparing one of the three Illinois State Budget Crisis topics (pensions, state borrowing and infrastructure) with the same issue in other jurisdictions (US or non-US) - Essay Example The Governor’s proposal to reduce the states spending could lessen the impacts of the financial mess. However, the move would in the future raise cost of living adjustments for workers, rose retirement age and reduced pensions for higher salaried citizens. Budget documents had previously in 2011 projected 1100 layoffs in a proposal to reduce state spending and, consequently, close particular state offices (Yaccino, 2012). The move to cut pension benefits implied a violation of the constitution that formed the umbrella of workers protecting them against the grim consequences of such changes. The article critically analyzes the Illinois State Budget Crisis as published as published by the New York Times editors. The paper compares the crisis to Canadian jurisdictions and applies the methods Canadian state previously utilized to contain a predicament of a similar nature. The essay will offer an integrated approach t the topic of study. The state’s financial crisis made the workers become uncertain about their retirements while at the same time straining the state’s budget and sinking credit ratings. Political leaders agreed to solve the financial shortfalls by cutting the pension benefits. The union and state workers celebrated the court ruling (Davey, 2015). However, critics viewed the ruling as capable of escalating the state’s financial challenges. The State Representative Elaine Nekritz, a Democrat, defined the extent of the challenge as more difficult and painful. The Democrat officials previously held numerous debates with the unions for several years while discussing a way forward to solve the state’s issue. The unions, however, opposed the proposals to cut the pension benefits. The officials, surprisingly, argued that in the essence of the state’s economic situation, they would pass into law the bill that proposes a cut in the pension benefits. The reporter notes that the state experienced a pension finance deficit